@InProceedings{OBHRS19,
    author = { Kellie Ottoboni and Matthew Bernhard and J. Alex Halderman and
               Ronald L. Rivest and Philip B. Stark },
    title = { Bernoulli Ballot Polling: A Manifest Improvement for Risk-Limiting
              Audits },
    booktitle = { Proceedings Voting'19 },                  
    date = { 2019-02-22 },
    eventdate = { 2019-02-22 },                  
    OPTyear = { 2019 },
    OPTmonth = { February 22, },
    abstract = {
        We present a method and software for ballot-polling risk-limiting audits (RLAs)
        based on Bernoulli sampling: ballots are included in the sample with probability
        $p$, independently. Bernoulli sampling has several advantages: (1) it does not
        require a ballot manifest; (2) it can be conducted independently at
        different locations, rather than requiring a central authority to select the
        sample from the whole population of cast ballots or requiring stratified
        sampling; (3) it can start in polling places on election night, before
        margins are known. If the reported margins for the 2016 U.S. Presidential
        election are correct, a Bernoulli ballot-polling audit with a risk
        limit of 5\% and a sampling rate of $p_0 = 1\%$ would have had at
        least a 99\% probability of confirming the outcome in 42 states.
        (The other states were more likely to have needed to examine additional
        ballots.) Logistical and security advantages that auditing in the polling
        place affords may outweigh the cost of examining more ballots than some
        other methods might require.},
        }
}