<a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;o p2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;med=1;q1=willow%20run;size=20;c=bhl;back=back1185297055;subview=detail;resnum=4;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005659;viewid=BL005659" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="willowrun.png" align="right">></img></a> The University acquired the laboratories at Willow Run from the War Department, which maintained control of some of the facilities. Willow Run became the site for the first innovations in computing at the University of Michigan. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1945.001;didno=ACW7513.1945.001;view=image;seq=00000396" target="_blank">Regents' Proceedings, May Meeting, 1946, pg. 364.</a> John Walsh "Willow Run Laboratories: Separating from the University of Michigan" Science Vol. 177, No. 4049 (August, 1972), 594. Ann Arbor News, August 28, 1953. Engineering Research Institute News, Vol. 4, No. 6 (Dec. 1955). <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9551;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9551;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=29053779" target="_blank">Conference presentation, MAD conference, Nov. 15, 1960, Computing Center Records Box 1.</a> The Statistical Research Laboratory was established in the basement of the Rackham Building to "provide consultation and statistical service for teaching and research units of the University...". Statistical analysis and calculation was a primary use of early computing technology. Cecil C. Craig was the first director. At the same time, Rackham also housed the Sorting and Tabulating Station. As computing demand rose, Craig proposed a punch card machine purely for "Educational and Scientific Use." He notes "it is going to be necessary for any first class university not to lag too far behind in making for available for its research workers some of the much more efficient and versatile machines." <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1945.001;didno=ACW7513.1945.001;view=image;seq=00000509" target="_blank">Regent's Proceedings, July Meeting, 1946, pg. 473</a> Horace H. Rackham records, Dean's Topical File, Statistical Research Laboratory, 1948, Box 7 Previous to the spread of digital computers, analog computers were primary instruments for data calculation and analysis at the University of Michigan. One of the earliest analog computers was used by the Aeronautical Engineering Department. The computer was called the Electronic Differential Analyzer, and was built at the UM. Blanchard Hiatt, "A Faster Cratchit: The History of Computing at Michigan" Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1976), pg. 4. Arthur Burks, professor of Philosophy at the UM since 1946, and consultant for the Burroughs Corporation since 1949, began a research project investigating the logical design computers. Burks' research team, funded by Burroughs, developed designs and proofs for data-processing units. The project was funded until 1954. Blanchard Hiatt, "A Faster Cratchit: The History of Computing at Michigan" Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1976), pg. 4. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-87180;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-87180;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=57750051">"Burroughs Project, 1950-1954" in Logic of Computers Group Records, Box 10.</a> The first digital computer developed at Michigan--the MIchigan Digital Automatic Computer (MIDAC). In 1951, the design for the MIDAC began. The project was under the sponsorship of the Wright Air Development Center, United States Air Force and the Willow Run Research Center of the Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan. The MIDAC became operational in 1953. MIDAC: A New High-Speed Digital Computer Now at the Service of the National Defense, Science, and Industry, published by Willow Run Research Center Engineering Research Institute University of Michigan UMM-101. Engineering Research Institute News, December 1955, vol VI, no. 6. Conference presentation, MAD conference, November 15, 1960, Computing Center Records, Box 1, Folder Historical Files. The MIDAC became operational in August 1953. The computer was said to occupy two small rooms and required approximately 12 tons of refrigeration equipment to keep its 500,000 connections and tubes cool. The MIDAC was operated by Willow Run's Digital Computation Department under the leadership of John Carr III and remained the property of the Air Force until it was removed in 1958. Wayne DeNeff, "U-M Puts New Electronic Brain Through Its Paces," Ann Arbor News, August 28, 1953. Conference presentation, MAD conference, November 15, 1960, Computing Center Records, Box 1, Folder Historical Files. MAGIC (Michigan Automatic General Integrated Computation) and EASIAC (Easy Instruction Automatic Computer) were automatic programming systems developed for the Michigan Digital Automatic Computer (MIDAC) under the direction of Professor John Carr III. Blanchard Hiatt, "A Faster Cratchit: The History of Computing at Michigan" Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1976), pg. 5. The IBM 650 "was the beginning of routine, large scale research and instructional computing at the University. Faculty members and students devised a language to maximize the machine's capabilities called GAT (Generalized Algorithmic Translator), which greatly increased the utility of the computer for the university community. The IBM 650 was installed in the Statistical Research Lab. Research News, Division of Research Development and Admin. , Jan. 1976, Vol. 27, No. 1. Through the IBM Educational Contribution Program, IBM donated up to 60% of the monthly payment owed on a computer to the university, contingent on the university's agreeing to offer courses in scientific computation and data processing. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9551;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9551;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=29053779" target="_blank">"IBM Educational Contribution to Colleges and Universities for Data Processing Equipment," in Vendors, IBM 640 1956-1959 Folder, Box 9, Computing Center Records </a> The Logic of Computers Group was established as a research collective of faculty with an interest in the relationship between logical formalisms, computers and natural systems. The group was funded by government research agencies and provided "more than half of the research support in the Department of Computer Science." The Group employed several senior researchers, including Dr. Richard A. Laing. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-90185;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-90185;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=25021241" target="_blank">Letter from Arthur Burks to Charles Overberger, Vice-President for Research, February 15, 1978 in "Logic of Computers Group, 1962-1978," Arthur Burks Papers, Box 5 </a> <a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;op2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;c=bhl;med=1;q1=burks;back=back1185297441;size=20;subview=detail;resnum=1;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005640;viewid=BL005640" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="burks.jpg" align="right"></img></a> Before joining the UM faculty in 1946, Burks was one of the principal designers and a joint inventor of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania from 1943 to 1946. Burks came to UM as an assistant professor in the Philosophy Department, eventually becoming full professor in 1954. Among his many activities at the university, he founded the Logic of Computers Group in 1956 and the graduate program in Communication Sciences in 1957. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-90185;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-90185;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=25021241" target="_blank">"Vita" in "Biographical Materials," Arthur Burks Papers, Box 1. </a> The Communication Sciences graduate degree program was formed within the College of Literature, Science and the Arts. The program had its roots in two research groups: the Phonetics Laboratory in the Dept. of Speech, and the Logic of Computers Group in the Dept. of Philosophy. The objective of the program "was to understand information processing and communication in both natural and engineered systems." Core curriculum offerings included automata theory, information and probability theory, and analog and digital computers. Arthur Burks was an integral player in developing the program, which enrolled three students in its first year. UM was the first to establish an interdisciplinary program in Communication Sciences, and the first program to award a Ph.D. in 1959, to John Holland. The course offerings first appear in the 1958-59 College of Engineering Announcement. Gordon Peterson served as chairman of the program until it became a department in 1965. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-90185;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-90185;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=25021241" target="_blank"> Arthur Burks, "Computer and Communication Sciences," 1979 in "University of Michigan, Computer and Communication Sciences Dept., History," Arthur Burks Papers, Box 5. </a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00000618" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, November Meeting, 1964, pg. 601</a> Courses initially offered included: EE232 Analog and Digital Computer Technology EE235 Digital Computer Design Principles EE238 Digital Computer Applications <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-8781;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-8781;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=33283750" target="_blank"> College of Engineering Announcement, 1956-57, College of Engineering Collection, Box 2 </a> <a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;op2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;med=1;q1=computer%20center;size=20;c=bhl;back=back1185297803;subview=detail;resnum=4;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005609;viewid=BL005609" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="computercenter.jpg" align="right"></img></a> The Computing Center was established as a "research and service activity of the Graduate School" and was intended to "provide consultation and computing service for teaching and research units of the University." <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1957.001;didno=ACW7513.1957.001;view=image;seq=00000902" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting 1959, pg. 880</a> The IBM 704 was the first computer installed at Computing Center. President's Report, 1959-1960. Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976). <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9551;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9551;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=29053779" target="_blank"> "Establishing the Computing Center", R.C. Bartels, Computing Center Records, Box 1.</a> Robert Christian Frank Bartels was a professor of Mathematics when he was appointed the first director of the Computing Center. He came to the university in 1938, and was made a full professor in 1957. His research field was numerical analysis, which led him to be involved in many early computing projects, including a study of magnetohydrodynamics at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1954. He served as director of the Computing Center for nearly 20 years, retiring in 1978. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1957.001;didno=ACW7513.1957.001;view=image;seq=00000894" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting, 1959, pg. 872.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1978.001;didno=ACW7513.1978.001;view=image;seq=00000017" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, July 1978, pg. 15</a> <a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;op2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;med=1;q1=institute%20for%20science;size=20;c=bhl;back=back1185298049;subview=detail;resnum=2;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005510;viewid=BL005510" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="ist.jpg" align="right"></img></a> The Institute of Science and Technology was founded by the Board of Regents to provide organizational support for researchers in the sciences and engineering. The Regents' goal was to establish a center that would draw on university faculty expertise and that would cooperate with other private and public institutions in the state. Robert R. White served as director until 1960. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1957.001;didno=ACW7513.1957.001;view=image;seq=00001005" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings July Meeting, 1959, pg. 979-80.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1960.001;didno=ACW7513.1960.001;view=image;seq=00000092" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings September Meeting, 1960, pg. 90.</a> The Ford Grant supported a project on the "Use of Computers in Engineering Education." R.C.F. Bartels and Bernard A. Galler were members of the Committee responsible for the project. Elementary courses relating to the use of the digital computer were initially taught solely in the Mathematics Deptartment. In 1961-62 the department roll listed 57 teaching fellows plus an additional 11 at the Computing Center. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=umsurvey;cc=umsurvey;type=simple;rgn=div2;q1=ford%20foundation;view=text;subview=detail;sort=occur;idno=AAS3302.0006.001;node=AAS3302.0006.001%3A3.18">Encyclopedic Survey, Dept. of Mathematics, p. 185. </a> The University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) was designed to "facilitate the running of a large number of programs rapidly and efficiently." The system was adapted from a system being used by General Motors by GM staff and Professor Bernard Galler. UMES was used until 1968. Computing Center Publications, Box 16, Folder University of Michigan Executive System, January 1960. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1960.001;didno=ACW7513.1960.001;view=image;seq=000 00152"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting, 1960, pg. 150.</a> Research News, Office of Research Administration, Vol 12., No.5 (Nov. 1, 1961). The IBM 7090 "was a transistorized, or solid-state, version of the 709." Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976), p. 9. The ICPR was a partnership between the Institute for Social Research and twenty-one other universities to provide data support for research in the the social sciences. Warren Miller served as the first director. Now called the Inter-university Consortium for Social-Political Research (ICPSR), it provides access to world's largest archive of computer-based and instructional data for the social sciences. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research records. Dean Haber reported to the Regents that "an entirely new and revolutionary field of study is emerging from several disciplines, each of which has interest in information processing and adaptive systems". <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00000615" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, November Meeting, 1964, pg. 601.</a> The Merit Network proposal pushed for the creation of an educationally-focused computer network of academic institutions in Michigan. Along with Stanford Ericksen, the director of the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, Karl Zinn contributed a portion of the proposal on the role of computers in education. Mulcahy, John, "A Chronicle Merit's Early History", http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php, Accessed on June 15, 2007; Karl Zinn Papers, Topical Files, Box 15. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1997.001;didno=ACW7513.1997.001;view=image;seq=00000224" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, January Meeting, 1998, pg. 220</a> The Interuniversity Communications Council, later called EDUCOM, was a non-profit organization devoted to the study and implementation of information technology in higher education. James G. Miller "EDUCOM: Interuniversity Communications Council" Science Vol. 154, no. 3748 (28 October, 1966), p. 483. The Ad Hoc Committee, chaired by Donald Katz, advised Vice President Heyns and A.G. Norman on the use and implementation of computers at UM. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank">Letter, Heyns to Ad Hoc Computing Advisory Committee, June 5, 1964. In "Ad Hoc Computing Advisory Committee, 1964" Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization Records, Box 1.</a> The UCCPU grew out of the Ad Hoc Computing Advisory Committee. It provided university administrators with assessments of policies on computing, and investigated ethical concerns rising from the use of computers on campus. It was disbanded in 1985. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank">"Computer Policies for the University" Reporter: A Bulletin on University Affairs for Faculty and Staff, Vol. X, No. 16, (February 15, 1965). In "Correspondence, 1965" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 2.</a> "The University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization" Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 3 (February 22, 1971), pg. 1. Donald LaVerne Katz was a professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, starting in 1936. He served as chairman of the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering from 1951 to 1962. His fields of expertise included underground storage systems and reservoir engineering. He played an active role in the promulgation and use of computers at the University of Michigan particularly in their application to engineering education. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank"> "Computer Policies for the University" Reporter: A Bulletin on University Affairs for Faculty and Staff, Vol. X, No. 16, (February 15, 1965). In "Correspondence, 1965" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 2.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?sort=freq;c=bhlead;cc=bhlead;type=simple;rgn=Entire%20Finding%20Aid;q1=katz;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=umich-bhl-90133;idno=umich-bhl-90133;byte=9931132;focusrgn=frontmatter">Donald LaVerne Katz Papers</a> <img src="IBM360.jpg" align="right"></img> The IBM 360/67 was eight times faster than the previous IBM 7090. The 360/67, however, did not come with a time-sharing operating system. Due to the high demand for this functionality, Computing Center staff designed the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), a program to maximize the efficiency of the computer. The 360/67 was in operation until 1974. Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976). Under the direction of Frank Westervelt, the CONCOMP Project or "Research in the Conversational Use of Computers," involved the design and testing of computer programs for graphical input of problem statements and graphical output of results. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/8249" target="_blank">CONCOMP: Research in Conversational Use of Computers: Final Report.</a> Research News, Vol. 21, No. 4 and 5 (October/November 1970), p. 9. This committee was a research collaboration between the University of Michigan, Wayne State University, and Michigan State University. <a href="http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php" target="_blank">Mulcahy, John, "A Chronicle Merit's Early History", Accessed on June 15, 2007;</a> Also available in Karl Zinn Papers, Topic Files, Box 15. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-05138;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-05138;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=4408157" target="_blank">"MICIS/Merit Relationship" in Merit Network, Inc. Records, Box 1;</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1966.001;didno=ACW7513.1966.001;view=image;seq=00000234"target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting, 1966, pg. 230-231.</a> Computing Center staff developed an easy-to-use computer language and computer controlling program called MAD Michigan Algorithm Decoder. The programming language was designed to handle a very large number of "relatively small student problems" quickly and efficiently. The Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency provided $1,300,00 for the development of the language. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00001319" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, February Meeting, 1966, p. 1283.</a> <img src="MERIT_CPU.jpg" align="right"></img> MERIT was formed out of the Michigan Inter-university Committee on Information Systems. It's mission was to research the effects and possibilities of connecting large research universities together by means of a computer network. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1966.001;didno=ACW7513.1966.001;view=image;seq=00000090" target="_blank" > Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, September Meeting, 1966, pg. 88.</a> MTS worked as a timesharing system for use on the University's IBM 360/67, allowing for efficient multi-user access to computation. The system was designed by senior staff member Michael Alexander, and was used by other universities in the U.S. and abroad. "Necessity, The Mother of Invention: MTS and the Data Concentrator" Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 5 (March 8, 1971), pg. 1. The Department of Communication Science's was renamed the Department of Computer and Communication Sciences. The Department was within the College of Literature, Science and Arts. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;q1=communication%20sciences;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1966.001;didno=ACW7513.1966.001;view=image;seq=00001194" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1968, pg. 1172.</a> Campus computing use slowly moved away from the mainframe model as departments and staff began to acquire their own "minicomputers" (also referred to as "microcomputers"). <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank"> Excerpts from "Minicomputer Report" in "Minicomputer Report Correspondence 1977" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 1;</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank">"Minicomputer Survey" in "Minicomputer Survey, 1975" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 3.</a> Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1 January 7, 1971 <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00001064" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1971, pg. 1018.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00001468" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, March Meeting, 1972, pg. 1416.</a> <img src="ccmove.jpg" align="right"></img> The Computing Center moved from the North University Building (NUBS) into a new building on the corner of Beal Ave. and Glazier Way. The new building featured elevated (false) floors that allowed the computer cables, electrical services and over 900 telephone lines to be safely tucked inside. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00000205" target="_blank">Authorization for Construction: Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting 1969, pg. 195.</a> "The Great Leap Forward" Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 1 No. 2 (January 21, 1971), pg. 1. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 14 (October 4, 1971), p. 1-2. <img src="CRISP.jpg" align="right"></img> The Computer Registration Involving Student Participation (CRISP) concept formed through UM computer course, CSS673, taught by Professor Bernard Galler. The class developed the concept for a computerized system by which they could enroll in classes. CRISP was initiated as the official method of course registration in 1975. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-87304;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-87304;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=73829925"target="_blank">"Project Definition of CRISP" in "Topical: CRISP-General", Office of the Registrar, Box 17.</a> The State Legislature establishes the Environment Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) and all Willow Run personnel, facilities, and projects disassociate from the University of Michigan, and transfer to this organization. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1972.001;didno=ACW7513.1972.001;view=image;seq=00000023" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, July Meeting, 1972, pg. 21.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00001400" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, February Meeting, 1972, pg. 1348.</a> The IBM 370/168 replaced the IBM 360/67, which had become overloaded. The new IBM was installed at the end of fall term 1974. The 370/168 was, on average, six times greater than that of a single processor on the 360/67." Michigan installed one processor for the 370/168, increasing the CPU capacity by three. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 6 (May 22, 1974). Ph.D. student Robert Parnes developed a conferencing software program called CONFER as "an alternative to face-to-face-communication" for partial fulfillment of his doctoral degree in Philosophy. The first CONFER was called K4HS:RP.Confer. Subsequent confers included ARCH:FORUM, and the first student CONFER was called MEET:STUDENTS. CONFER was widely used by faculty, students and staff until 1999. "Learning to Confer: the Interplay of theory and practice in Computer Conferencing," by Robert Parnes, Karl Zinn Papers, Box 1. <img src="Amdahl470.jpg" align="right"></img> The new Amdahl model was used with MTS. This computer was twice as fast as the previous IBM 370/168 mainframe. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1972.001;didno=ACW7513.1972.001;view=image;seq=00001336" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1975, pg. 1292.</a> "Amdahl 470V/6 Accepted" Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 17 (November 5, 1975), pg. 1. Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976). Aaron Finerman came to the University of Michigan as director of the Computing Center and professor of Computer and Communication Sciences in 1978 from SUNY Stonybrook. He served as director of the Computing Center until 1986, and became professor emeritus in 1990. He continued to teach for several terms after his retirement. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1975.001;didno=ACW7513.1975.001;view=image;seq=00001102" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, March Meeting, 1978, pg. 1072.</a> "New Director Announced," Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 13 (September, 1978), pg. 1; <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;id=navbarbrowselink;cginame=findaid-idx;cc=bhlead;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=umich-bhl-9914;focusrgn=frontmatter;byte=37966958" target="_blank">Aaron Finerman Papers, Boxes 3-4.</a> The "message system may be used to send messages from one user to another user. There are commands to compose and send message, to retrieve and reply to messages, and to display the status of existing messages." Users entered the system by the $MESSAGE command. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 14 (July 15, 1981). The Conference on Easier and More Productive Use of Computers was co-sponsored by the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), the Special Interest Group on the Social and Behavioral Science of Computing (SIGSOC), and ICPSR. It was held at UM in May 1981. The conference focused on the quality of human interfaces and characteristics of database applications. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Feb. 18, 1981). The Computing Center scheduled the purchase the Amdahl 5860 for the fall of 1982, to replace the Amdahl 470/ V/8. The new system included 24 megabytes of main memory. The University of Michigan was the first to receive a production model of this mainframe. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 15 (August 12, 1981). Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 19 (October 14, 1981). The Industrial Technology Institute "serves as a link between academic research and industrial implementation in collaborative ventures with industry." The Institute was a publicly supported, not-for-profit corporation. The UM provided facilities for the center during its first few years and then the Institute built a facility on Baxter Road in 1986. Through seminars and demonstrations from different vendors on personal computer usage, the Business School began to encourage the use of personal computers, marking the gradual switch from MTS. "Personal Computer Seminars and Demonstrations to be Given" Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 13, No. 5 (March 7, 1983), pg. 5. UM piloted the Mailnet project, which linked the electronic mail systems in place at several universities. "Mailnet�will create a technically sound, intercampus electronic mail system for use by scholars, researchers, faculty, and administrators." (Computing Center Newsletter, 1982) The system functioned using the $MESSAGE commands. "Mailnet: Inter-University Electronic Mail Service" Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 12, No. 20 (November 10, 1982), pg. 1; "Network Electronic Mail Service Now Available" Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 13, No. 15 (September 19, 1983), pg. 1. CAEN began as part of a plan to expand and intensify the research activities of the College of Engineering in technology management, computer aided engineering and communication. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;q1=computer%20aided%20engineering%20network;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1981.001;didno=ACW7513.1981.001;view=image;seq=00000691" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May meeting, 1983, pg. 671.</a> The Regents and Vice Provost Van Houweling realized the University's need for an administrative structure to support their growing implementation of information technology. The Information Technology Division was formed as an consolidation of several existing technology departments, including the Computing Center, the Office of Administrative Systems, the Center for Information Technology Integration, and the Office of Instructional Technology. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1984.001;didno=ACW7513.1984.001;view=image;seq=00000372" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, September Meeting, 1985, pg. 370-72</a> "Organization Charts, 1985-1991" in Central Files, Information Technology Division Records, Box 1. "Strategic Planning Committee: 1985" in Central Files: Committees (ITD), Information Technology Division Records, Box 3. <img src="vanhouweling.jpg" align="right"></img> Van Houweling was responsible for the University's strategic direction in information technology in a quickly changing computing environment. In addition to his position as Vice Provost for Information Technology, he was also chairman of the board of MERIT, Inc. when the NSF awarded MERIT the responsibility for management of NSFNET in partnership with IBM, MCI and the Michigan Strategic Fund in 1987. He stepped down as Vice Provost for Information Technology in 1997 when he became the president of UCAID, a consortium of more than 100 universities working with corporate partners and federal agencies to develop Internet2. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1984.001;didno=ACW7513.1984.001;view=image;seq=00000128" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, November Meeting, 1984, pg. 126.</a> <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9798/Oct15_97/vanho.htm" target="_blank"> Nancy Ross-Flanigan, "Van Houweling to Head Advanced Internet Development Effort" in The University Record, October 15, 1997.</a> <a href="http://www.internet2.edu/" target="_blank">Internet2</a> <a href="http://www.si.umich.edu/people/faculty-detail.htm?sid=110" target="_blank">Profile at the UM School of Information</a> The Department of Computer and Communication Sciences ended its affilitation with the College of Literature, Science and the Arts and merged with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering to form the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS), part of the College of Engineering. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;q1=computer%20and%20communication%20sciences;rgn=full%20text;idno=acw7513.1981.001;didno=ACW7513.1981.001;view=image;seq=991;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, February Meeting, 1984, pg. 958. </a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1984.001;didno=ACW7513.1984.001;view=image;seq=00000303" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting, 1985, pg. 301-302.</a> GEAC was the library's first online circulation system available through UMNet. This system contained only the last 8 years of acquisitions and the card catalog remained the "authoritative source" on library holdings. It functioned using the message command: $RUN UNSP:NET PAR-UMLIB. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 15, No. 10 (May 20, 1985). Dr. Richard Dougherty outlined to the Board of Regents the plan to develop a fully automated library system. Dougherty noted that "when the system becomes a reality, it will allow anyone who has a microcomputer, personal computer to computer terminal that is linked into the campus computer system to access the information in the library's data base." <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1984.001;didno=ACW7513.1984.001;view=image;seq=00000469" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, December Meeting, 1985, pg. 467-478.</a> The laboratory was founded to "further the research and training opportunities in areas of cognitive science and machine intelligence." Professor Gary M. Olson served as director. In 1988 the Regents approved a project to build a Collaboration Technology Suite for the Laboratory in the Business School. Cognitive Science and Machine Intelligence Laboratory Records, Box 1. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1988.001;didno=ACW7513.1988.001;view=image;seq=00000110" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, November Meeting 1988, p. 106.</a> In September 1985, a pilot program called ResComp was started in one residence hall. By January 1986, it had expanded to all residential living halls. The primary focus of the program was "to provide educational services for students living in the UM residence halls." The project included a "research program aimed in part at identifying students' computing needs, expectations, and experiences." Computing Center Newsletter, May 19, 1986 Computing News, January 5, 1987 vol. 2, no. 1 "Proposal for Study of Residential Hall Computing Project", Martha S. Feldman, not dated. Information Technology Division Records, Box 60. This new service provided staff members with access to common computing resources like email and word processing. Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 16, No. 10 (May 19, 1986). Regents approve the purchase of the IBM 3090-400 for the Computing Center. </a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00000618" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June 16, 1986 p.489</a> Carolyn Autry-Hunly replaced Aaron Finerman as Director of the Computing Center. Computing News, Vol. 16, No. 12 (March, 1987). The Center was formed for the purpose of "advanced development and research projects, in partnership with external sponsors" aimed to enhance the University's information technology environment. </a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;q1=center%20for%20information%20technology;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1984.001;didno=ACW7513.1984.001;view=image;seq=00000491" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, January 1986 p.489</a> The first Mac Truck sale was held February 7 and 8 at the old main hospital. The MacTruck weekend was the largest delivery ever made by Apple to one location. It was also the largest single distribution of any personal computer. "MacTruck is Coming!" U-M Computing News, Vol. 2, No. 2 (January 19, 1987), pg. 9. Computing News, Vol. 2, No. 5 (March, 1987). The MERIT Network, under the direction of Eric Aupperle, was awarded oversight of the National Science Foundation's NSFNet. The network would connect thousands of researchers in the sciences and technology at seven regional networks to six NSF supercomputer centers, allowing them to share data, exchange graphics and simulations, and enhance their ability to collaborate. The NSFNet contract resulted in the expansion of MERIT's facilities at the University of Michigan's Computing Center and in the hiring of many more employees, including a 24 hour operations staff. Merit Network News, Vol. 2, No. 5 (November 24, 1987) Merit Network news, Vol. 3, No. 1 (March 1988) <img src="duderstadt.jpg" align="right"></img> James J. Duderstadt, 11th president of the University of Michigan, came to the university as an assistant professor of nuclear engineering in 1969. He was known for his "infectious confidence in the ability of educated people to build and control their own futures." His vision for the future was dominated by three elements: knowledge, globalization and pluralism. He was the first University president to bring a personal computer into the Office of the President, and strategically laid the groundwork to ensure that the University was "wired" for the 21st century. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Nov14_96/artcl04.htm" target="_blank">"UM presidents have weathered wars, recessions, unrest to keep institution in leadership position," University Record, November 14, 1996.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9811;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9811;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=32067470">James J. Duderstadt Papers.</a> A series of seminars on artificial intelligence were held by the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Computing News, Vol. 2, No. 6 (March 16, 1987). A "transparent" file transfer system, dubbed IFS was designed to facilitate the transfer and sharing of files between campus computers. IFS was developed with IBM and was implemented by the Center for Information Technology Integration, part of ITD Research Systems. The project "provided file storage and file services to all workstations on campus and was anticipated on more than 30,000 machines. The IFS is a first of its kind system, one that could be used as a model by other universities and businesses whose computing systems link heterogeneous mainframes, minicomputers, and workstations running many different operating systems." Roger Sutton, "Communication Between Different Machines Eased with IFS" in The University Record, Vol. 44, No. 14, 1988 (December 12, 1988), pg. 6. "UM, IBM begin multimillion dollar three-year project to enhance ease of data exchange in computer networks," Press Release, Roger Sutton, August 8, 1988. Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, April Meeting, 1991, pg. 203. "Innovative File Server to Be Developed at U-M," Computing News Vol. 3, No. 14 (August 15, 1988), pg. 6. <img src="library.gif" align="right"></img> UM Library System put its card catalog into the Michigan Research Library Network (MIRLYN), an electronically searchable card catalog. The system was officially dedicated September 20, 1988. Robert Warner, interim director of the UM library called the arrival of MIRLYN "one of the most important developments in the history of the university library." The conversion of the card catalog was completed in June 1991. The system initially ran on the computing center's IBM 3090-600E available through Merit/UMNet. The effort was funded by a grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and UM was "one of the few major research libraries to have completed record conversion for its online public catalog" at the time of its release. The library was also the "only large research library known at this time to have completed conversion of its holdings for Chinese, Japanese, Korean as well as Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia program materials." Loup, J., and Yocum, P. (2001). University of Michigan Libraries. In D. H. Stam (Ed.), International dictionary of library histories (Vol. 2). Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn; Kate Kellog, "MIRLYN Puts U-M, Other Library Holdings at User's Fingertips" The University Record, Vol. 44, No. 14 (December 12, 1988), pg. 19. "UM library unveils new cataloging system", Ann Arbor News, September 21, 1988 Computing Center News, Vol. 2, No. 15 (September 7, 1987). UMLIBTEXT project, under the direction of John Price-Wilkin, was a pioneering library project to digitize literary, philosophical and historical texts. Computing Center News, Vol. 6, No. 5 (March 4, 1991). <img src="fishbowl.png" align="right"></img> The Angell Hall Courtyard, or "Fishbowl" was converted into a computing center as part of the Regent's 1985 plan to grant all students computer access. The new computing cluster, housing 330 computers, was one of the largest single installations of computers in the country. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1984.001;didno=ACW7513.1984.001;view=image;seq=00001231" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting, 1987, pg. 1229.</a> Mary Jo Frank, "Clusters House 1,800 Public Workstations" The University Record, Vol. 45, No. 7, (October 16, 1989), pg. 11. The Information Technology Division began installation of a fiber optic network as the first phase of a high-speed computer network. The Network acted as a campus-wide backbone network, supporting the widely used Internet TCP/protocols. The network was a "Proteon ProNET-80 high-performance, fiber optic token ring." Transmission speed for the network was reported to be 80 million bits per second. Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 4, No. 4 (February 20, 1989). Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 4, No. 14 (September 18, 1989). The Executive Computing Committee (ECC) charged the Strategic Data Planning (SDP) project committee with developing a comprehensive strategy to integrate University administrative data systems and to streamline business processes across organizational boundaries. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~uip/SDP/" target="_blank">Text of the Strategic Data Plan</a> "Strategic Data Plan, Report, March 1995" in M-Pathways Project, Box 3. "Units should start planning for move from MTS" The University Record, Vol. 49, No. 20, (February 14, 1994), pg. 1 CRISP, a course registration system originally designed in 1972, began to use technology which allowed students to register for courses through a touch-tone telephone. The system had been developed and implemented at other American universities. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9495/Dec12_94/5.htm" target="_blank"> Chastity Pratt, "New CRISP: Registration's just a touch-tone away" The University Record, December 12, 1994 </a> ; " "U" To Begin Phone Registration This Fall," The Michigan Daily, Vol. 104, No. 13S (August 3, 1994). The Wolverine Access program, developed by ITD, the Registrar's Office, and the Wolverine Access Development Team allowed student access to grades, class schedule, academic report, availability of classes, and account statements. Eventually released online in 1996, it was first available via client server using Macintosh machines at campus computing sites. Frank C. Lee, "Computer Program Accesses Grades" The Michigan Daily, Vol. 104, No. 127 (September 20, 1994); <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9596/Apr23_96/artcl10.htm" target="_blank"> Wanda Moore, "Wolverine Access on the Web Lets Students See Grades Immediately" The University Record, April 23, 1996.</a> The Program for the Study of Complex Systems was established in 1995. Robert Savit served as the first director, and founding members included Arthur Burks, Bob Axelrod, Michael Cohen, and John Holland. The goals of the program included encouraging research in complex adaptive systems and exploring the boundaries and overlaps between the complex systems approach and more traditional approaches. The program became the Center for the Study of Complex Systems in 1999 under the directorship of Carl Simon. In July 2005, the center became a part of the College of Literature, Science and Art. <a href="http://www.cscs.umich.edu/research/research.html" target="_blank"> Center for the Study of Complex Systems Website</a> "ITD executive director sought" University Bulletin Vol. 51, No. 23 (27 February, 1996). The SDP report identified more than 55 data and processing projects and 12 projects focused on technical infrastructure improvements operating throughout the university. It recommended that University should integrate databases to facilitate sharing data across organizational boundaries Text of the Strategic Data Plan is available online at: <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~uip/SDP/" target="_blank"> http://www.umich.edu/~uip/SDP/</a>: "Strategic Data Plan, Report, March 1995" in M-Pathways Project, Box 3. <img src="griffiths.jpg" align="right"></img> Jose Marie-Griffiths came to UM from the University of Tennessee, where she was a professor in the field of Information Sciences. As the new director of the Institutional Technology Division, and the university's Chief Information Officer, Griffiths was responsible for providing strategic planning for technology initiatives at the university, as well as establishing collaborations with schools and administrative departments across the community. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9596/Jul09_96/artcl02.htm" target="_blank"> "Griffiths named as new ITD executive director, CIO" The University Record Vol. 51, No. 36 (9 July, 1996), pg. 1</a> The Media Union opened in the Summer of 1996. The new 250,000 square foot building on North Campus was built to house a variety of multimedia programs such as virtual reality labs, digital libraries, and audio/visual performance and design studios. The building also currently houses the Art Architecture and Engineering Library. In 2003 the Media Union was named for James and Anne Duderstadt in honor of "Jim Duderstadt's deep interest in fostering creativity, engaging with new forms of technology, and developing new ways of learning." (University Record) <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9596/Jun25_96/artcl08.htm" target="_blank">"Media Union Will Be A Key to State of Michigan's Future" The University Record, June 25, 1996.</a> <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0304/Nov24_03/01.shtml" target="_blank"> "Media Union Named for the Duderstadts" in The University Record, November 24, 2003.</a> "MTS services will end July 1" The University Record, September 25, 1995. <img src="silogo.gif" align="right"></img> The School of Information and Library Studies was rechartered as the School of Information (SI), broadening its mission to study the role of information in computation, cognition, communication and community. Daniel Atkins served as the first dean of the newly named school until 2000, when John L. King was appointed. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;idno=acw7513.1995.001;seq=00000325"target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, March Meeting, 1996, pg. 321.</a> The M-Pathways Project was charged with the design and implementation of new administrative information systems. Laura Patterson, Project Manager for M-Pathways stated, "what we are talking about is changing the way the University conducts its administrative processes so that they better serve our students, staff, faculty and citizens of the state." <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9596/Jan23_96/index.htm" target="_blank">University Record, January 23, 1996.</a> <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Sep10_96/artcl06.htm" target="_blank"> "M-Pathways, the �invisible project,' revealed to U community" The University Record Vol. 52, No. 2 (10 September, 1996), pg. 3.</a> The PeopleSoft contract was part of the university's interest in streamlining financial, human resources, and student information systems, as well as concern about the impact of Y2K on current systems. "The University's effort to find a new system was hastened by the fact that many of its current systems will not operate correctly in the year 2000 because of the way they store dates". (Record, pg. 11). <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9596/Jan23_96/artcl04.htm" target="_blank">"New system will make records easier, faster to access" The University Record Vol. 51, No. 18 (23 January 1996), pg. 1. </a> <img src="patterson.gif" align="right"></img> Laura Patterson, the University Registrar, was appointed Project Manager of M-Pathways, the UM effort to implement computerized administrative systems. In addition to the project team, Anderson Consulting, Inc. supplied additional resources, particularly guidance in "change management". <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Sep10_96/artcl11.htm" target="_blank">"Patterson resigns to lead M-Pathways Project" The University Record, September 19, 1996.</a> "Anderson Consulting: Method 1, 1996" in M-Pathways Project Records, Box 2. The Asset Management module release allowed information on university equipment and property to be shared between departments and units, making tracking of items easier and more efficient. This module was first released within the UM Hospital System, and was then made available to the greater campus community. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Oct15_96/artcl09.htm">"M-Pathways project will help answer "Where is that centrifuge?"" The University Record, (October 15, 1996).<a> In response to the Regents' request, the Year 2000 Information Campaign formed. Led by Jose Marie-Griffiths, the group raised campus awareness about possible consequences of Y2K, and helped to alleviate potential problems caused by the millennium. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1997.001;didno=ACW7513.1997.001;view=image;seq=00000112" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting, 1997, pg. 108. </a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1997.001;didno=ACW7513.1997.001;view=image;seq=00000338" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1998, pg. 334. </a> <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9899/Oct21_98/24.htm" target="_blank"> Jane R. Elgass, "Millennium Bug: Much Still To Be Done, Griffiths Says," The University Record, October 21, 1998.</a> The Student Administration module included the Financial Resources System, and Recruiting and Admissions systems. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9798/Jul22_98/pathway.htm" target="_blank"> "M-Pathways up and running" The University Record, Vol. 53, No. 35 (22 July, 1998), pg. 4.</a> <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9899/Oct14_98/15.htm" target="_blank"> "M-Pathways Admissions System: Attracting the best class yet" The University Record, Vol. 54, No. 6 (14 October, 1998), pg. 5.</a> "Life After M-Pathways" helped the university to transition from the project phase to the organizational phase of the M-Pathways program. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9900/Oct25_99/18.htm" target="_blank">"M-Pathways put lessons learned to use" The University Record, Vol. 55, No. 8 (25 October, 1999), pg. 15.</a> The Michigan Administrative Information Services was created in order to provide support to schools and units for new information technology systems, such as M-Pathways. "Michigan Administrative Information Services (MAIS) Internal Communications, July-November, 2000", Organizational Series in M-Pathways Project Records, Box 2. Patterson was appointed Vice President for Administrative Systems after serving as University Registrar from 1993-1996, and director of the M-Pathways program since 1996. In her new position she would direct Michigan Administrative Information Services, an organization formed to help administrative units utilize new information technology after M-Pathways. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0001/Sep25_00/5.htm" target="_blank">"Patterson named associate VP of administrative information systems" The University Record, September 25, 2000.</a> The final module to be released, student business was completely rolled out, with the exception of the Degree Audit module. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1999.001;didno=ACW7513.1999.001;view=image;seq=00000319" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting, 2000, pg. 319.</a> With the implementation of a new form of Wolverine Access, students were able to register for classes online for the first time. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9900/Jul03_00/2.htm" target="_blank">Rebecca A. Doyle, "Online Registration via M-Pathways Going Smoothly" The University Record, July 3, 2000.</a> <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0001/Jan22_01/14.htm" target="_blank"> Linda Hancock Green, "July 1 Targeted for Switch of HR Processes to M-Pathways" The University Record, January 22, 2001.</a> President Bollinger appointed Stephen Director, dean, College of Engineering and John King, dean, School of Information to "think broadly about how the University should respond to the information revolution." The 27 member commission and four subcommissions surveyed the strengths and weaknesses of the university's use of technology. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0001/May07_01/14.htm" target="_blank">"President's Information Revolution Commission issues report," University of Michigan Record, May 7, 2001.</a> The Sakai project was a landmark venture to create open-source course management tools. Funded by a 2.3 million dollar grant from the Mellon Foundation, Sakai was directed by Joseph Hardin, also director of the Collaborative Technologies Laboratory at the Media Union. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0304/Feb02_04/05.shtml" target="_blank">"Sakai Project Launches Groundbreaking Open Source Collaboration," University of Michigan News Service, January 22, 2004.</a> On December 14, 2004, the University announced a joint partnership with Google to make 7 million volumes from UM libraries available digitally. Books will be scanned and made searchable, and materials beyond copyright will be available in full-text. The University serves as a site for testing Google's non-destuctive scanning technology and digitization workflow, and was the first site to implement such technology. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004/Dec04/library/index" target="_blank">"Google/U-M Project Opens the Way to Universal Access to Information," University of Michigan News Service, December 14, 2004. </a> The University Library, in partnership with Bentley Historical Library and Information Technology Central Services (ITCS), provide a blogging platform for current faculty, students and staff. The system known as Mblog utilizes Moveable Type software. The system includes an archival component so that bloggers may elect to have their inactive blog appraised for the University Archives. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2006/Feb06/r020906a" target="_blank">"Diaries of the 21st Century: U-M offers free blogs for students, employees," University of Michigan News Service, February 9, 2005. </a> <img src="drop1.gif" align="right"></img> Deep Blue provides public online access to various items of research by University of Michigan scholars. The system is free and searchable and provides digital preservation for unpublished research documentation. <a href="http://www.umich.edu/news/?Releases/2006/May06/r052506" target="_blank">"U-M Library Launches Deep Blue: More Access to U-M Scholarship" in University of Michigan News Service, May 25, 2006. </a> <a href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu" target="_blank">Deep Blue</a> The College of Literature, Science and the Arts launched a 1.5 million expansion of its wireless network that will bring wireless Ethernet to all classrooms, departments, laboratories and faculty offices within the next 2 years. <a href="http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=3104" target="_blank">"U-M's College of Literature, Science and the Arts expands its wireless network," University of Michigan News Service, January 15, 2007</a>