<a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;o p2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;med=1;q1=willow%20run;size=20;c=bhl;back=back1185297055;subview=detail;resnum=4;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005659;viewid=BL005659" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="willowrun.png" align="right">></img></a> The University acquired the laboratories at Willow Run from the War Department, which maintained control of some of the facilities. Willow Run became the site for the first innovations in computing at the University of Michigan. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1945.001;didno=ACW7513.1945.001;view=image;seq=00000396" target="_blank">Regents' Proceedings, May Meeting, 1946, pg. 364.</a> John Walsh "Willow Run Laboratories: Separating from the University of Michigan" Science Vol. 177, No. 4049 (August, 1972), 594. Ann Arbor News, August 28, 1953. Engineering Research Institute News, Vol. 4, No. 6 (Dec. 1955). <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9551;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9551;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=29053779" target="_blank">Conference presentation, MAD conference, Nov. 15, 1960, Computing Center Records Box 1.</a> The Statistical Research Laboratory was established in the basement of the Rackham Building to "provide consultation and statistical service for teaching and research units of the University...". Statistical analysis and calculation was a primary use of early computing technology. Cecil C. Craig was the first director. At the same time, Rackham also housed the Sorting and Tabulating Station. As computing demand rose, Craig proposed a punch card machine purely for "Educational and Scientific Use." He notes "it is going to be necessary for any first class university not to lag too far behind in making for available for its research workers some of the much more efficient and versatile machines." <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1945.001;didno=ACW7513.1945.001;view=image;seq=00000509" target="_blank">Regent's Proceedings, July Meeting, 1946, pg. 473</a> Horace H. Rackham records, Dean's Topical File, Statistical Research Laboratory, 1948, Box 7 Previous to the spread of digital computers, analog computers were primary instruments for data calculation and analysis at the University of Michigan. One of the earliest analog computers was used by the Aeronautical Engineering Department. The computer was called the Electronic Differential Analyzer, and was built at the UM. Blanchard Hiatt, "A Faster Cratchit: The History of Computing at Michigan" Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1976), pg. 4. Arthur Burks, professor of Philosophy at the UM since 1946, and consultant for the Burroughs Corporation since 1949, began a research project investigating the logical design computers. Burks' research team, funded by Burroughs, developed designs and proofs for data-processing units. The project was funded until 1954. Blanchard Hiatt, "A Faster Cratchit: The History of Computing at Michigan" Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1976), pg. 4. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-87180;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-87180;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=57750051">"Burroughs Project, 1950-1954" in Logic of Computers Group Records, Box 10.</a> The first digital computer developed at Michigan--the MIchigan Digital Automatic Computer (MIDAC). In 1951, the design for the MIDAC began. The project was under the sponsorship of the Wright Air Development Center, United States Air Force and the Willow Run Research Center of the Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan. The MIDAC became operational in 1953. MIDAC: A New High-Speed Digital Computer Now at the Service of the National Defense, Science, and Industry, published by Willow Run Research Center Engineering Research Institute University of Michigan UMM-101. Engineering Research Institute News, December 1955, vol VI, no. 6. Conference presentation, MAD conference, November 15, 1960, Computing Center Records, Box 1, Folder Historical Files. The MIDAC became operational in August 1953. The computer was said to occupy two small rooms and required approximately 12 tons of refrigeration equipment to keep its 500,000 connections and tubes cool. The MIDAC was operated by Willow Run's Digital Computation Department under the leadership of John Carr III and remained the property of the Air Force until it was removed in 1958. Wayne DeNeff, "U-M Puts New Electronic Brain Through Its Paces," Ann Arbor News, August 28, 1953. Conference presentation, MAD conference, November 15, 1960, Computing Center Records, Box 1, Folder Historical Files. MAGIC (Michigan Automatic General Integrated Computation) and EASIAC (Easy Instruction Automatic Computer) were automatic programming systems developed for the Michigan Digital Automatic Computer (MIDAC) under the direction of Professor John Carr III. Blanchard Hiatt, "A Faster Cratchit: The History of Computing at Michigan" Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1976), pg. 5. The IBM 650 "was the beginning of routine, large scale research and instructional computing at the University. Faculty members and students devised a language to maximize the machineÕs capabilities called GAT (Generalized Algorithmic Translator), which greatly increased the utility of the computer for the university community. The IBM 650 was installed in the Statistical Research Lab. Research News, Division of Research Development and Admin. , Jan. 1976, Vol. 27, No. 1. Through the IBM Educational Contribution Program, IBM donated up to 60% of the monthly payment owed on a computer to the university, contingent on the university's agreeing to offer courses in scientific computation and data processing. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9551;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9551;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=29053779" target="_blank">"IBM Educational Contribution to Colleges and Universities for Data Processing Equipment," in Vendors, IBM 640 1956-1959 Folder, Box 9, Computing Center Records </a> The Logic of Computers Group was established as a research collective of faculty with an interest in the relationship between logical formalisms, computers and natural systems. The group was funded by government research agencies and provided "more than half of the research support in the Department of Computer Science." The Group employed several senior researchers, including Dr. Richard A. Laing. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-90185;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-90185;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=25021241" target="_blank">Letter from Arthur Burks to Charles Overberger, Vice-President for Research, February 15, 1978 in "Logic of Computers Group, 1962-1978," Arthur Burks Papers, Box 5 </a> <a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;op2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;c=bhl;med=1;q1=burks;back=back1185297441;size=20;subview=detail;resnum=1;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005640;viewid=BL005640" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="burks.jpg" align="right"></img></a> Before joining the UM faculty in 1946, Burks was one of the principal designers and a joint inventor of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania from 1943 to 1946. Burks came to UM as an assistant professor in the Philosophy Department, eventually becoming full professor in 1954. Among his many activities at the university, he founded the Logic of Computers Group in 1956 and the graduate program in Communication Sciences in 1957. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-90185;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-90185;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=25021241" target="_blank">"Vita" in "Biographical Materials," Arthur Burks Papers, Box 1. </a> The Communication Sciences graduate degree program was formed within the College of Literature, Science and the Arts. The program had its roots in two research groups: the Phonetics Laboratory in the Dept. of Speech, and the Logic of Computers Group in the Dept. of Philosophy. The objective of the program "was to understand information processing and communication in both natural and engineered systems." Core curriculum offerings included automata theory, information and probability theory, and analog and digital computers. Arthur Burks was an integral player in developing the program, which enrolled three students in its first year. UM was the first to establish an interdisciplinary program in Communication Sciences, and the first program to award a Ph.D. in 1959, to John Holland. The course offerings first appear in the 1958-59 College of Engineering Announcement. Gordon Peterson served as chairman of the program until it became a department in 1965. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-90185;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-90185;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=25021241" target="_blank"> Arthur Burks, "Computer and Communication Sciences," 1979 in "University of Michigan, Computer and Communication Sciences Dept., History," Arthur Burks Papers, Box 5. </a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00000618" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, November Meeting, 1964, pg. 601</a> Courses initially offered included: EE232 Analog and Digital Computer Technology EE235 Digital Computer Design Principles EE238 Digital Computer Applications <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-8781;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-8781;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=33283750" target="_blank"> College of Engineering Announcement, 1956-57, College of Engineering Collection, Box 2 </a> <a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;op2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;med=1;q1=computer%20center;size=20;c=bhl;back=back1185297803;subview=detail;resnum=4;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005609;viewid=BL005609" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="computercenter.jpg" align="right"></img></a> The Computing Center was established as a "research and service activity of the Graduate School" and was intended to "provide consultation and computing service for teaching and research units of the University." <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1957.001;didno=ACW7513.1957.001;view=image;seq=00000902" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting 1959, pg. 880</a> The IBM 704 was the first computer installed at Computing Center. President's Report, 1959-1960. Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976). <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-9551;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-9551;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=29053779" target="_blank"> "Establishing the Computing Center", R.C. Bartels, Computing Center Records, Box 1.</a> Robert Christian Frank Bartels was a professor of Mathematics when he was appointed the first director of the Computing Center. He came to the university in 1938, and was made a full professor in 1957. His research field was numerical analysis, which led him to be involved in many early computing projects, including a study of magnetohydrodynamics at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1954. He served as director of the Computing Center for nearly 20 years, retiring in 1978. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1957.001;didno=ACW7513.1957.001;view=image;seq=00000894" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, June Meeting, 1959, pg. 872.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1978.001;didno=ACW7513.1978.001;view=image;seq=00000017" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, July 1978, pg. 15</a> <a href="http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;op2=And;rgn2=ic_all;rgn3=bhl_da;op3=And;med=1;q1=institute%20for%20science;size=20;c=bhl;back=back1185298049;subview=detail;resnum=2;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=bhl;entryid=x-bl005510;viewid=BL005510" target="_blank"> <img border="2" src="ist.jpg" align="right"></img></a> The Institute of Science and Technology was founded by the Board of Regents to provide organizational support for researchers in the sciences and engineering. The Regents' goal was to establish a center that would draw on university faculty expertise and that would cooperate with other private and public institutions in the state. Robert R. White served as director until 1960. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1957.001;didno=ACW7513.1957.001;view=image;seq=00001005" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings July Meeting, 1959, pg. 979-80.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1960.001;didno=ACW7513.1960.001;view=image;seq=00000092" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings September Meeting, 1960, pg. 90.</a> The Ford Grant supported a project on the "Use of Computers in Engineering Education." R.C.F. Bartels and Bernard A. Galler were members of the Committee responsible for the project. Elementary courses relating to the use of the digital computer were initially taught solely in the Mathematics Deptartment. In 1961-62 the department roll listed 57 teaching fellows plus an additional 11 at the Computing Center. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=umsurvey;cc=umsurvey;type=simple;rgn=div2;q1=ford%20foundation;view=text;subview=detail;sort=occur;idno=AAS3302.0006.001;node=AAS3302.0006.001%3A3.18">Encyclopedic Survey, Dept. of Mathematics, p. 185. </a> The University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) was designed to "facilitate the running of a large number of programs rapidly and efficiently." The system was adapted from a system being used by General Motors by GM staff and Professor Bernard Galler. UMES was used until 1968. Computing Center Publications, Box 16, Folder University of Michigan Executive System, January 1960. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1960.001;didno=ACW7513.1960.001;view=image;seq=000 00152"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting, 1960, pg. 150.</a> Research News, Office of Research Administration, Vol 12., No.5 (Nov. 1, 1961). The IBM 7090 "was a transistorized, or solid-state, version of the 709." Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976), p. 9. The ICPR was a partnership between the Institute for Social Research and twenty-one other universities to provide data support for research in the the social sciences. Warren Miller served as the first director. Now called the Inter-university Consortium for Social-Political Research (ICPSR), it provides access to world's largest archive of computer-based and instructional data for the social sciences. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research records. Dean Haber reported to the Regents that "an entirely new and revolutionary field of study is emerging from several disciplines, each of which has interest in information processing and adaptive systems". <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00000615" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, November Meeting, 1964, pg. 601.</a> The Merit Network proposal pushed for the creation of an educationally-focused computer network of academic institutions in Michigan. Along with Stanford Ericksen, the director of the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, Karl Zinn contributed a portion of the proposal on the role of computers in education. Mulcahy, John, "A Chronicle Merit's Early History", http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php, Accessed on June 15, 2007; Karl Zinn Papers, Topical Files, Box 15. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1997.001;didno=ACW7513.1997.001;view=image;seq=00000224" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, January Meeting, 1998, pg. 220</a> The Interuniversity Communications Council, later called EDUCOM, was a non-profit organization devoted to the study and implementation of information technology in higher education. James G. Miller "EDUCOM: Interuniversity Communications Council" Science Vol. 154, no. 3748 (28 October, 1966), p. 483. The Ad Hoc Committee, chaired by Donald Katz, advised Vice President Heyns and A.G. Norman on the use and implementation of computers at UM. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank">Letter, Heyns to Ad Hoc Computing Advisory Committee, June 5, 1964. In "Ad Hoc Computing Advisory Committee, 1964" Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization Records, Box 1.</a> The UCCPU grew out of the Ad Hoc Computing Advisory Committee. It provided university administrators with assessments of policies on computing, and investigated ethical concerns rising from the use of computers on campus. It was disbanded in 1985. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank">"Computer Policies for the University" Reporter: A Bulletin on University Affairs for Faculty and Staff, Vol. X, No. 16, (February 15, 1965). In "Correspondence, 1965" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 2.</a> "The University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization" Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 3 (February 22, 1971), pg. 1. Donald LaVerne Katz was a professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, starting in 1936. He served as chairman of the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering from 1951 to 1962. His fields of expertise included underground storage systems and reservoir engineering. He played an active role in the promulgation and use of computers at the University of Michigan particularly in their application to engineering education. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank"> "Computer Policies for the University" Reporter: A Bulletin on University Affairs for Faculty and Staff, Vol. X, No. 16, (February 15, 1965). In "Correspondence, 1965" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 2.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?sort=freq;c=bhlead;cc=bhlead;type=simple;rgn=Entire%20Finding%20Aid;q1=katz;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=umich-bhl-90133;idno=umich-bhl-90133;byte=9931132;focusrgn=frontmatter">Donald LaVerne Katz Papers</a> <img src="IBM360.jpg" align="right"></img> The IBM 360/67 was eight times faster than the previous IBM 7090. The 360/67, however, did not come with a time-sharing operating system. Due to the high demand for this functionality, Computing Center staff designed the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), a program to maximize the efficiency of the computer. The 360/67 was in operation until 1974. Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976). Under the direction of Frank Westervelt, the CONCOMP Project or "Research in the Conversational Use of Computers," involved the design and testing of computer programs for graphical input of problem statements and graphical output of results. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/8249" target="_blank">CONCOMP: Research in Conversational Use of Computers: Final Report.</a> Research News, Vol. 21, No. 4 and 5 (October/November 1970), p. 9. This committee was a research collaboration between the University of Michigan, Wayne State University, and Michigan State University. <a href="http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php" target="_blank">Mulcahy, John, "A Chronicle Merit's Early History", Accessed on June 15, 2007;</a> Also available in Karl Zinn Papers, Topic Files, Box 15. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-05138;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-05138;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=4408157" target="_blank">"MICIS/Merit Relationship" in Merit Network, Inc. Records, Box 1;</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1966.001;didno=ACW7513.1966.001;view=image;seq=00000234"target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting, 1966, pg. 230-231.</a> Computing Center staff developed an easy-to-use computer language and computer controlling program called MAD Michigan Algorithm Decoder. The programming language was designed to handle a very large number of "relatively small student problems" quickly and efficiently. The Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency provided $1,300,00 for the development of the language. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1963.001;didno=ACW7513.1963.001;view=image;seq=00001319" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, February Meeting, 1966, p. 1283.</a> <img src="MERIT_CPU.jpg" align="right"></img> MERIT was formed out of the Michigan Inter-university Committee on Information Systems. It's mission was to research the effects and possibilities of connecting large research universities together by means of a computer network. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1966.001;didno=ACW7513.1966.001;view=image;seq=00000090" target="_blank" > Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, September Meeting, 1966, pg. 88.</a> MTS worked as a timesharing system for use on the University's IBM 360/67, allowing for efficient multi-user access to computation. The system was designed by senior staff member Michael Alexander, and was used by other universities in the U.S. and abroad. "Necessity, The Mother of Invention: MTS and the Data Concentrator" Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 5 (March 8, 1971), pg. 1. The Department of Communication Science's was renamed the Department of Computer and Communication Sciences. The Department was within the College of Literature, Science and Arts. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;q1=communication%20sciences;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1966.001;didno=ACW7513.1966.001;view=image;seq=00001194" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1968, pg. 1172.</a> Campus computing use slowly moved away from the mainframe model as departments and staff began to acquire their own "minicomputers" (also referred to as "microcomputers"). <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank"> Excerpts from "Minicomputer Report" in "Minicomputer Report Correspondence 1977" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 1;</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-91470;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-91470;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=5309343" target="_blank">"Minicomputer Survey" in "Minicomputer Survey, 1975" University Committee on Computer Policy and Utilization records, Box 3.</a> Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1 January 7, 1971 <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00001064" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1971, pg. 1018.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00001468" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, March Meeting, 1972, pg. 1416.</a> <img src="ccmove.jpg" align="right"></img> The Computing Center moved from the North University Building (NUBS) into a new building on the corner of Beal Ave. and Glazier Way. The new building featured elevated (false) floors that allowed the computer cables, electrical services and over 900 telephone lines to be safely tucked inside. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00000205" target="_blank">Authorization for Construction: Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, October Meeting 1969, pg. 195.</a> "The Great Leap Forward" Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 1 No. 2 (January 21, 1971), pg. 1. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 14 (October 4, 1971), p. 1-2. <img src="CRISP.jpg" align="right"></img> The Computer Registration Involving Student Participation (CRISP) concept formed through UM computer course, CSS673, taught by Professor Bernard Galler. The class developed the concept for a computerized system by which they could enroll in classes. CRISP was initiated as the official method of course registration in 1975. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-87304;view=reslist;didno=umich-bhl-87304;subview=standard;focusrgn=frontmatter;cc=bhlead;byte=73829925"target="_blank">"Project Definition of CRISP" in "Topical: CRISP-General", Office of the Registrar, Box 17.</a> The State Legislature establishes the Environment Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) and all Willow Run personnel, facilities, and projects disassociate from the University of Michigan, and transfer to this organization. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1972.001;didno=ACW7513.1972.001;view=image;seq=00000023" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, July Meeting, 1972, pg. 21.</a> <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1969.001;didno=ACW7513.1969.001;view=image;seq=00001400" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, February Meeting, 1972, pg. 1348.</a> The IBM 370/168 replaced the IBM 360/67, which had become overloaded. The new IBM was installed at the end of fall term 1974. The 370/168 was, on average, six times greater than that of a single processor on the 360/67." Michigan installed one processor for the 370/168, increasing the CPU capacity by three. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 6 (May 22, 1974). Ph.D. student Robert Parnes developed a conferencing software program called CONFER as "an alternative to face-to-face-communication" for partial fulfillment of his doctoral degree in Philosophy. The first CONFER was called K4HS:RP.Confer. Subsequent confers included ARCH:FORUM, and the first student CONFER was called MEET:STUDENTS. CONFER was widely used by faculty, students and staff until 1999. "Learning to Confer: the Interplay of theory and practice in Computer Conferencing," by Robert Parnes, Karl Zinn Papers, Box 1. <img src="Amdahl470.jpg" align="right"></img> The new Amdahl model was used with MTS. This computer was twice as fast as the previous IBM 370/168 mainframe. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1972.001;didno=ACW7513.1972.001;view=image;seq=00001336" target="_blank">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, May Meeting, 1975, pg. 1292.</a> "Amdahl 470V/6 Accepted" Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 17 (November 5, 1975), pg. 1. Research News, Division of Research Development and Administration, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1976). Aaron Finerman came to the University of Michigan as director of the Computing Center and professor of Computer and Communication Sciences in 1978 from SUNY Stonybrook. He served as director of the Computing Center until 1986, and became professor emeritus in 1990. He continued to teach for several terms after his retirement. <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=umregproc;cc=umregproc;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACW7513.1975.001;didno=ACW7513.1975.001;view=image;seq=00001102" target="_blank"> Board of Regents of the University of Michigan Proceedings, March Meeting, 1978, pg. 1072.</a> "New Director Announced," Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 13 (September, 1978), pg. 1; <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead;id=navbarbrowselink;cginame=findaid-idx;cc=bhlead;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=umich-bhl-9914;focusrgn=frontmatter;byte=37966958" target="_blank">Aaron Finerman Papers, Boxes 3-4.</a> The "message system may be used to send messages from one user to another user. There are commands to compose and send message, to retrieve and reply to messages, and to display the status of existing messages." Users entered the system by the $MESSAGE command. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 14 (July 15, 1981). The Conference on Easier and More Productive Use of Computers was co-sponsored by the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), the Special Interest Group on the Social and Behavioral Science of Computing (SIGSOC), and ICPSR. It was held at UM in May 1981. The conference focused on the quality of human interfaces and characteristics of database applications. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Feb. 18, 1981). The Computing Center scheduled the purchase the Amdahl 5860 for the fall of 1982, to replace the Amdahl 470/ V/8. The new system included 24 megabytes of main memory. The University of Michigan was the first to receive a production model of this mainframe. Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 15 (August 12, 1981). Computing Center Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 19 (October 14, 1981). The Industrial Technology Institute "serves as a link between academic research and industrial implementation in collaborative ventures with industry." The Institute was a publicly supported, not-for-profit corporation. The UM provided facilities for the center during its first few years and then the Institute built a facility on Baxter Road in 1986. Through seminars and demonstrations from different vendors on personal computer usage, the Business School began to encourage the use of personal computers, marking the gradual switch from MTS. "Personal Computer Seminars and Demonstrations to be Given" Computing Center Newsletter Vol. 13, No. 5 (March 7, 1983), pg. 5.