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In principle, you could rewrite counter = counter - 1, using an
augmented assignment operator, as counter -= 1. You are not likely to
see such expressions, however, because C++ offers a still more concise
shorthand for adding 1 to, or subtracting 1 from, a variable. To use the
shorthand, you drop the equal sign altogether, along with the 1, and prefix
the variable with the
increment operator, ++, or the
decrement operator, --. Thus, you replace
counter = counter - 1 by the following expression:
--counter
Similarly, ++counter means increment the value of
counter by 1.