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Although C++ programs normally adhere to the call-by-value convention, C++ allows you to stipulate that you want particular parameters to be call-by-reference parameters. Whenever a call-by-reference parameter is paired with an argument that is a single-variable expression, the parameter shares the memory chunk named by the variable; nothing is copied:
Memory reserved for Memory for argument variable corresponding parameter | | | *-----------------------------* | | v v *-----*-----*-- | | | *-----*-----*---