The RuleBasedCollator class is a concrete subclass of Collator that provides a simple, data-driven, table collator. With this class you can create a customized table-based Collator. RuleBasedCollator maps characters to sort keys.

RuleBasedCollator has the following restrictions for efficiency (other subclasses may be used for more complex languages) :

1. If a special collation rule controlled by a <modifier> is specified it applies to the whole collator object.
2. All non-mentioned characters are at the end of the collation order.

The collation table is composed of a list of collation rules, where each rule is of one of three forms:

    <modifier>
    <relation> <text-argument>
    <reset> <text-argument>
 

The definitions of the rule elements is as follows:

• Text-Argument: A text-argument is any sequence of characters, excluding special characters (that is, common whitespace characters [0009-000D, 0020] and rule syntax characters [0021-002F, 003A-0040, 005B-0060, 007B-007E]). If those characters are desired, you can put them in single quotes (e.g. ampersand => '&'). Note that unquoted white space characters are ignored; e.g. b c is treated as bc.
• Modifier: There are currently two modifiers that turn on special collation rules.
  • '@' : Turns on backwards sorting of accents (secondary differences), as in French.
  • '!' : Turns on Thai/Lao vowel-consonant swapping. If this rule is in force when a Thai vowel of the range \U0E40-\U0E44 precedes a Thai consonant of the range \U0E01-\U0E2E OR a Lao vowel of the range \U0EC0-\U0EC4 precedes a Lao consonant of the range \U0E81-\U0EAE then the vowel is placed after the consonant for collation purposes.

  '@' : Indicates that accents are sorted backwards, as in French.

• Relation: The relations are the following:
  • '<' : Greater, as a letter difference (primary)
  • ';' : Greater, as an accent difference (secondary)
  • ',' : Greater, as a case difference (tertiary)
  • '=' : Equal
• Reset: There is a single reset which is used primarily for contractions and expansions, but which can also be used to add a modification at the end of a set of rules.

  '&' : Indicates that the next rule follows the position to where the reset text-argument would be sorted.

This sounds more complicated than it is in practice. For example, the following are equivalent ways of expressing the same thing:

 a < b < c
 a < b & b < c
 a < c & a < b
 

Notice that the order is important, as the subsequent item goes immediately after the text-argument. The following are not equivalent:

 a < b & a < c
 a < c & a < b
 

Either the text-argument must already be present in the sequence, or some initial substring of the text-argument must be present. (e.g. "a < b & ae < e" is valid since "a" is present in the sequence before "ae" is reset). In this latter case, "ae" is not entered and treated as a single character; instead, "e" is sorted as if it were expanded to two characters: "a" followed by an "e". This difference appears in natural languages: in traditional Spanish "ch" is treated as though it contracts to a single character (expressed as "c < ch < d"), while in traditional German a-umlaut is treated as though it expanded to two characters (expressed as "a,A < b,B ... &ae;\u00e3&AE;\u00c3"). [\u00e3 and \u00c3 are, of course, the escape sequences for a-umlaut.]

Ignorable Characters

For ignorable characters, the first rule must start with a relation (the examples we have used above are really fragments; "a < b" really should be "< a < b"). If, however, the first relation is not "<", then all the all text-arguments up to the first "<" are ignorable. For example, ", - < a < b" makes "-" an ignorable character, as we saw earlier in the word "black-birds". In the samples for different languages, you see that most accents are ignorable.

Normalization and Accents

RuleBasedCollator automatically processes its rule table to include both pre-composed and combining-character versions of accented characters. Even if the provided rule string contains only base characters and separate combining accent characters, the pre-composed accented characters matching all canonical combinations of characters from the rule string will be entered in the table.

This allows you to use a RuleBasedCollator to compare accented strings even when the collator is set to NO_DECOMPOSITION. There are two caveats, however. First, if the strings to be collated contain combining sequences that may not be in canonical order, you should set the collator to CANONICAL_DECOMPOSITION or FULL_DECOMPOSITION to enable sorting of combining sequences. Second, if the strings contain characters with compatibility decompositions (such as full-width and half-width forms), you must use FULL_DECOMPOSITION, since the rule tables only include canonical mappings.

Errors

The following are errors:

• A text-argument contains unquoted punctuation symbols (e.g. "a < b-c < d").
• A relation or reset character not followed by a text-argument (e.g. "a < ,b").
• A reset where the text-argument (or an initial substring of the text-argument) is not already in the sequence. (e.g. "a < b & e < f")

If you produce one of these errors, a RuleBasedCollator throws a ParseException.

Examples

Simple: "< a < b < c < d"

Norwegian: "< a,A< b,B< c,C< d,D< e,E< f,F< g,G< h,H< i,I< j,J < k,K< l,L< m,M< n,N< o,O< p,P< q,Q< r,R< s,S< t,T < u,U< v,V< w,W< x,X< y,Y< z,Z < \u00E5=a\u030A,\u00C5=A\u030A ;aa,AA< \u00E6,\u00C6< \u00F8,\u00D8"

Normally, to create a rule-based Collator object, you will use Collator's factory method getInstance. However, to create a rule-based Collator object with specialized rules tailored to your needs, you construct the RuleBasedCollator with the rules contained in a String object. For example:

 String Simple = "< a< b< c< d";
 RuleBasedCollator mySimple = new RuleBasedCollator(Simple);
 

Or:

 String Norwegian = "< a,A< b,B< c,C< d,D< e,E< f,F< g,G< h,H< i,I< j,J" +
                 "< k,K< l,L< m,M< n,N< o,O< p,P< q,Q< r,R< s,S< t,T" +
                 "< u,U< v,V< w,W< x,X< y,Y< z,Z" +
                 "< \u00E5=a\u030A,\u00C5=A\u030A" +
                 ";aa,AA< \u00E6,\u00C6< \u00F8,\u00D8";
 RuleBasedCollator myNorwegian = new RuleBasedCollator(Norwegian);
 

Combining Collators is as simple as concatenating strings. Here's an example that combines two Collators from two different locales:

 // Create an en_US Collator object
 RuleBasedCollator en_USCollator = (RuleBasedCollator)
     Collator.getInstance(new Locale("en", "US", ""));
 // Create a da_DK Collator object
 RuleBasedCollator da_DKCollator = (RuleBasedCollator)
     Collator.getInstance(new Locale("da", "DK", ""));
 // Combine the two
 // First, get the collation rules from en_USCollator
 String en_USRules = en_USCollator.getRules();
 // Second, get the collation rules from da_DKCollator
 String da_DKRules = da_DKCollator.getRules();
 RuleBasedCollator newCollator =
     new RuleBasedCollator(en_USRules + da_DKRules);
 // newCollator has the combined rules
 

Another more interesting example would be to make changes on an existing table to create a new Collator object. For example, add "&C< ch, cH, Ch, CH" to the en_USCollator object to create your own:

 // Create a new Collator object with additional rules
 String addRules = "&C< ch, cH, Ch, CH";
 RuleBasedCollator myCollator =
     new RuleBasedCollator(en_USCollator + addRules);
 // myCollator contains the new rules
 

The following example demonstrates how to change the order of non-spacing accents,

 // old rule
 String oldRules = "=\u0301;\u0300;\u0302;\u0308"    // main accents
                 + ";\u0327;\u0303;\u0304;\u0305"    // main accents
                 + ";\u0306;\u0307;\u0309;\u030A"    // main accents
                 + ";\u030B;\u030C;\u030D;\u030E"    // main accents
                 + ";\u030F;\u0310;\u0311;\u0312"    // main accents
                 + "< a , A ; ae, AE ; \u00e6 , \u00c6"
                 + "< b , B < c, C < e, E & C < d, D";
 // change the order of accent characters
 String addOn = "& \u0300 ; \u0308 ; \u0302";
 RuleBasedCollator myCollator = new RuleBasedCollator(oldRules + addOn);
 

The last example shows how to put new primary ordering in before the default setting. For example, in Japanese Collator, you can either sort English characters before or after Japanese characters,

 // get en_US Collator rules
 RuleBasedCollator en_USCollator = (RuleBasedCollator)Collator.getInstance(Locale.US);
 // add a few Japanese character to sort before English characters
 // suppose the last character before the first base letter 'a' in
 // the English collation rule is \u2212
 String jaString = "& \u2212 < \u3041, \u3042 < \u3043, \u3044";
 RuleBasedCollator myJapaneseCollator = new
     RuleBasedCollator(en_USCollator.getRules() + jaString);
 

     synchronized (obj) {
         while (<condition does not hold>)
             obj.wait();
         ... // Perform action appropriate to condition
     }
 

     synchronized (obj) {
         while (<condition does not hold>)
             obj.wait(timeout);
         ... // Perform action appropriate to condition
     }
 

     synchronized (obj) {
         while (<condition does not hold>)
             obj.wait(timeout, nanos);
         ... // Perform action appropriate to condition
     }